What it is
Articular cartilage is the smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of the bones. It has no direct blood supply, which is why damage does not repair itself well.
Focal cartilage defects can follow an injury or conditions such as osteochondritis dissecans. They differ from arthritis, which is more widespread wear of the joint surface.
Symptoms
- Pain with activity or impact
- Recurrent swelling
- Catching or a grinding sensation
- Stiffness
Diagnosis
X-rays assess alignment and arthritis; an MRI evaluates the cartilage and underlying bone. Sometimes the full extent of a defect is confirmed at arthroscopy.
Treatment options
Non-surgical
- Physical therapy to strengthen the muscles that support the knee
- Activity modification and weight management
- Bracing or injections in selected cases
Surgical
- Options range from smoothing unstable cartilage (debridement) to marrow stimulation and cartilage restoration procedures such as osteochondral grafting, chosen according to the size and location of the defect, your age and goals.
- Factors such as limb alignment, meniscus status and ligament stability are addressed as part of the plan.
Recovery
- Protection
Restorative procedures typically require a period of protected weight-bearing.
- Motion
Early, controlled motion helps nourish healing cartilage.
- Strength
Progressive strengthening over several months.
- Return to sport
Return to impact sport after restoration often takes many months and varies widely with the procedure.
Timelines are typical ranges, not guarantees. Recovery depends on the specific injury, the procedure, your health and your rehabilitation, and your plan is individualized.
Questions patients ask
Is a cartilage injury the same as arthritis?
No. A focal defect is a localized area of damage, while arthritis involves broader wear of the joint surfaces.
Can cartilage grow back?
Cartilage has limited capacity to heal on its own, which is why several surgical strategies exist for symptomatic defects.
This page is general patient education and is not a substitute for an in-person evaluation.