What it is
The elbow is where three bones meet: the humerus of the upper arm and the radius and ulna of the forearm. Strong ligaments hold them together. Common injuries include:
- Fractures of the olecranon, the bony point of the elbow
- Fractures of the distal humerus, just above the elbow
- Simple dislocations, where the joint is forced out of place without a fracture
- Complex dislocations, where a dislocation occurs together with fractures
Symptoms
- Severe pain after a fall or impact
- Rapid swelling and bruising
- A visible deformity of the elbow
- Inability to bend or straighten the elbow
- Numbness or tingling below the elbow
A dislocated elbow, a wound over a possible fracture, or numbness, coldness or colour change below the elbow needs emergency care. Go to the nearest emergency department or call 911.
Diagnosis
Evaluation includes a careful check of the nerves and circulation as well as the joint. X-rays identify most fractures and dislocations. CT is often used for complex fractures to understand the fracture pattern and plan surgery.
Treatment options
Non-surgical
- Many simple dislocations are reduced (put back in place), briefly splinted and then moved early
- Fractures that are stable and well aligned are often treated with a splint or sling and early guided motion
- Close follow-up with X-rays to confirm the bones stay in position
Surgical
- Open reduction and internal fixation. Displaced fractures are realigned and held with plates, screws or wires.
- Ligament repair when a dislocation leaves the elbow unstable.
- The goal of surgery is a stable elbow that can begin moving early.
Recovery
- First weeks
A short period of protection in a splint or sling while swelling settles.
- Early motion
Gentle, guided motion begins early, because stiffness is the most common problem after elbow injuries.
- Strengthening
Strengthening follows once the bones and ligaments have healed enough.
- Full recovery
Recovery commonly takes several months, and motion can continue to improve for longer.
Timelines are typical ranges, not guarantees. Recovery depends on the specific injury, the procedure, your health and your rehabilitation, and your plan is individualized.
Questions patients ask
Why is early motion so important?
The elbow stiffens quickly after injury. Starting guided motion as early as it is safe helps protect the range of movement you need for daily life.
Will my elbow be stiff afterwards?
Some loss of motion, especially full straightening, can occur after elbow injuries. A dedicated rehabilitation program helps minimize it.
Do I need surgery?
It depends on whether the bones are displaced and whether the elbow is stable. Many simple dislocations and stable fractures heal without surgery.
This page is general patient education and is not a substitute for an in-person evaluation.